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A Model of implementing e-learning systems in Arab world
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Abstract
This study aimed at reconstructing the Technology Approach with respect to psychology families, proposing a practical model to implement education and e-learning systems, defining the needs of planning curricula based on knowledge economy use, and recommendations of how to utilize e-learning systems in schools. The study tried to answer four questions:1)What is the new concept of technology approach in designing curriculum?, 2) what is the practical model needed to implement computerized education system according to educational technology?, 3) what are the needs of planning curricula based on knowledge economy use?, 4) What are the recommendations of utilizing e-learning systems in schools? |
????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ?? ????? ??????? ????? :
???? ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ? ??? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????? ? ??? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ? ????????? ?? ????????? ????????? ?????????? ? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ????????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??? ??????????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ???????? ???????? ?? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ?? ?? ??? ?????? ???????? ?????? ???? ????? ???????? ??????? ???? ?? ??????? ???? ??????? ? ??? ????? ????????? ?? ??????? ? ???? ?? ????? ????????? ?? ???? ??????? (????? ?????? . 1999).
??? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ????????? ????????? ?????????? ??? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ???????? ? ????? ????? ???????? ??????????? ????????? ????????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ? ??? ?????? ?????????? ? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ????????? ??????? ??????? ????? ??????? ????????????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ???????? ???? ??? ???? ??? ?????????? ???????? ?? ???? ???????? ??????? ???????.
?? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ?????????? ????????? ???????? ?? ????????? ??????? ? ???? ?????? ???????? ???? ???? ??? ????????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ??????????? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ????????? ???? ????? ???????? ?? ??????? ? ?? ?? ????? ???????? ????????? ???????? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ??? (?????. 2000).
???? ??? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ??? (?????? ? ????????) ? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ?? ??????? ? ??? ?? ????????? ?? ??? ??????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ? ????? ???? ??? ???????? ????? ?????? ?? ?? ???? ?? ???? ??? ??? ?? ??? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ???????? ? ?????? ? ?????? ???????? ??? ?????? ???? ? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ??? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ??????? ????? ??????????? ?????? ?? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ??????????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??????????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ????????????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????????.
??? ??? ????????? ?? ????????? ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ? ????? ??? ?? ???? ???????? ???????? ?? ????????? ??????? ?????? ????? ???? ????????? ????????? ?????????? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ? ????? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ?????????? ?? ????? ????????? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ?? ??????? ? ??? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ???????? ?? ???????? ??????? ???? ????? (???????? ????????? ?????????? ???????????) ??????? ?????? ???????? ???? ? ?? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ? ??? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ???????? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ???????? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ??????.
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????? ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????????? : ????? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ??????????? ???????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ??? 1989 ??? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??? ??????? ????????? ? ??? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ( ??? ? ?????? 1994 ) . ??? ?? ???? ??????? ? ??? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ?? ????? ??? 1983? ? ??? ????? 1986 ?????? ??????? ???????? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ????????? ??? ???? ? ???? ?? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ??????? . (????? ?1996) .
??? ?? ?????? ? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ??? (1987) ? ???????? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ? ?? ??? ??????? ???????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ???????? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ????????? ?????????? ? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? (ICDL) ????????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ?????????? ???? ?????? ???????? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????????? ?? ??????? ? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ?????????? ???????????? ????????? ?? ??????? .??? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????????? (EduWave) ?????? ???? ??????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?????????? ? ??? ???????? ??? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????????? ? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ???????? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ??? ??? ????????? ?? ??????.
???? ????? ??????? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ?? ???? ????? ??????????? ??????? ? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ???????? ??? ????? ????? ??? ??? ??? ??????? ????????? (e-Learning Objects) – ???? ???? ????? :" ?? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ???????? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ???????? ??????" - ???? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ????? (Online Meta Data) ???? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? (Jwaifell, 2007) ? ?? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ??? (E-Books)???? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????????? (EduWave).
????? ??????? ?????????? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ???????? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ???????? ? ???????? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ?? ???????? ???? ????? ?????? ? ??? ??????? ??? ??????? ???????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ? ???? ????????? ??? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ???????? ??????? ??????????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ? ????? ????? (???????? . 2009) ???? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ?????????? ????????? ????????? ??? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? :
??? ??? (1): ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ???????
??? ??????? ???? ?????? ??? ??????? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ? ????? (Lamb,1997) ? ???? ????? ?? ????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ???????? ? ?????? ??? (2) ???? ???? ??????? ??????? :
??? ??? ( 2 ) : ????? (Lamb) ?? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????
??? ????? (Schmidth &Brown. 1987)) ? ??? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ????????? ????? ??? ??????? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? (3) ???? ????? ??? ???????:
??? ??? ( 3 ) : ????? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ?????
??? ??? (?????? ?????? . 2008) ? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ? ?????? ??? (4) ???? ?????? ??????? :
??? ??? ( 4 ) : ????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ???????
??? ?? ??????? ??????????? ???????? ????? ???? ? ?? ?????? ????????? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ? ??? ????? (Eric. 2002) ? ??? ???? ???????? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? ? ?????? ??? (5) ???? ????? ??????? :
??? ??? ( 5) : ????? (Eric) ??????? ??????? ?? ???????
????? ?? ??????? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ??? ???? ??? ???????? ???? ????? ??? ??????????? ???????? ? ??? ??? ??? ???????? ?? ?????? ????????? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ???????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ???? ??????????? ???????? ? ???????? ? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????????? ?? ????.
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4- ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ???????? ???????
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4- ????? ?????? ?? ???????? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ?? ???????
????? ??????? : ?? ??? ????? ??? ???????? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ????:
1- ?? ????? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ?? ?? ????? ??? ??????
2- ?? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ?? ??? ????????? ????????
3- ?? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??? ???????? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ????????
4- ?? ???????? ???????? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ?? ??????? ????????
????? ??????? : ???? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ????????? ????????? ??????? ????? ????????? ???????? ??? ???????? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ?? ??? ??????????? ???????? ? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ???? ????????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????????? ?? ??? ??????? ????? ? ????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ?????????? ???????? ???????? ???????? .
???? ??????? : ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ? ??????? ??????? ? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ???????.
????????? ????????? :??????? ?????????? : ??????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ?? ??? (European Commission. 2001).
????????? ??????? : ????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ? ?????? ???? ??????? ??????? ???? ??????? ? ?????? ???? ????.
????? ????????? ??????? : ?? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ???????? ???? ??????? ? ????? ????? ???????? ?????? (Jwaifell. 2007).
??????? ?????? : ???? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ????????? ?????????.
????? ?????? ??????????
???? ?????? ?????????? ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ???????? ?????? ????? ??? ????????? ? ?????????? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ???????.(????? ? 2000).
?? ?? ??? ??????? ? ???? ??? ?????? ???????? ????????? ??? ?? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ????????? ? ????? ??????? ???????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ????????.
????? ??? ??? ?????? ? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ??????? :
1- ????? ??? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ???????: ???? ??? ??????? ???????? ??? (ABCD) ? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ???????.
??? ??? ??????? : ???? ?? ??????? ??????? ???????? ???? ?? ??????? ???????? ? ???? ?? ???? ??? ???????? ??? ??? ?????? ? ???? ?? ??? ???? ????? ? ???? ??? ??????? ???????? ? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ??????????? ? ????? ?? ??????? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ??????? ? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??????? ?? ??????? ???? ??? ??????? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ???????? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ???????? ?? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ??????? ? ????? ?????? ?????????
2- ???????? ??? ???????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ??? ??? ??????? ???? ???????.
??? ??? ??????? :?? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ? ??? ????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ???? ???? ??????? ????????? ? ??? ??? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ? ??? ?????? ?????????? ???? ????????? ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ? ??? ??? ????? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????? ? ???? ????? ???????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ??????!
3- ???????? ??? ??????? ???????.
??? ??? ??????? : ?? ??????? ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ? ??? ???????? ?? ?????? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ??????? ?????? ???????? ? ??? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ???????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ?? ???????? ? ? ?????? ??? ???? ? ????????? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ??????? ??? ??????? ??????? ???? ? ??? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ? ?? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????????
????? : ???? ?? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ?? ?????? ??????? ? ???? ?? ????? ???? ? ???? ????????? ???? ?? ???? ?? ?? ???? ???? ???? ?? ????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ????????? ?? ????????? ?? ??????????.
??????? : ?? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? ??????????? ?? ??????? ????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ??????????? ??????? ??? ????? (Blended Learning) ? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ??????? ??? ?????? ???????? ???? ??????? ? ????? ??? ????? ???? ?? ?????????? ??????? ??????? ? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ?????? .
??????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ?? ??? ????????? ???????
?? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ??????????? ? ???? ????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?????? ? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ??? ??? :
1- ??? ????? ??????? ???????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ????????? ????????? ?????????? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ???????? ?? ??????? ???????? ? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ??????????? .
2- ??? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ???????? ????? ???? ???????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?? ??????? .
3- ??? ????? ???????? ??? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ????????? ???????? ????? ????? ????????? ??????? ? ??????? ??????? ??? ???????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ???????? ?? ?????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ???? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ??????? ? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ??????? .
4- ??? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ???? ??? ??????? ???????? ??????????? ??? ?????? ??????? ? ????? ??? ??? ??? ??????? ??? ??????? ? ???? ???? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ????????.
5- ??? ????? ??? ?????? ????????? ?????????? ? ?????? ????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ????????? ????????? ??????? ?? ??????? ???????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ???????? ???????????? ???? ?????? .
??????? ??????? : ?? ??? ????????? ??????? ????? ? ??? ?? ??? ??? ????????? ? ???? ??? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ???????? ???????? ???? ?? ??????? ??? ??? ???????? ? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ? ??? ??????? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ?????? ????????? ???????:
1-
??????? : ????? ????? ??????? ???????? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????????? ??? ???? ???????? ?? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ???????? ?? ???????? ???? ???????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ???????? ??? ????? ??????? .
??????? : ???? ????? ?????? (Meta-Data) ????? ??? ??? ??????? ????????? (E-Learning Objects) ????? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ? ???? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ???????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ???????? ?? ??????? ????????? ???????? ??? ??? ??????? ?????? (Blended Learning) ? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????????.
2-
?????? : ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ? ????????? ?? ??? ??? ????? ????? ???????? ?????? ??? ??? ??????? ????? ??? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ? ????? ??? ??? ????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ???????? ?????? ????? ???????? ?? ???????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???????? ? ??????? ????? ????? ???????? ?????? ? ??? ????? ??? ???? ???????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??????? ??????? ??? ???????.
3-
?????? ??????? : ???? ??????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ? ???????? ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ??? ??????? ?????? :
?????? ????? : ??????? ?????????? ????? ????????? : ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ???????? ?? ??? ??????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ????? ??? ???? ???????? ???????? ?? ???? ??????? ???????? ?? ??????? ? ??????? ?????? (Jwaifell. 2007) ?? ????? ????? ???????? ???????? ??? ????? ????? ????????? ???????????.
?????? ?????? : ??????? ?????? : ?????? ??????? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ????????? ??? ????? ????????? ??????????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ? ????? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ???????? (2009)? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ???????? ????? ?????? ?????? (2008).
?????? ?????? : ????? ??????? : ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ???????? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ???????? ??????? ? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ? ????? ?? ??? ??? ???????? ?????? ??????? ?????????? (EduWave) ?? ????? ?????? ?????? (BlackBoard).
????? ??? ??? : ???? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? :
??? ??? (6): ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????????
????? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ????????? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ? ?? ?? ??? ??? ???? ????????? ??????? ? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ??????? ???????? ???????.
?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??? ???????? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ???????
???? ??????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ??? ????? ????????? ????? ????? ????????? ????????? ?????????? ? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??? ???????? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ???????? ???? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??? ???????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ???????? ?????????? ????? ?????? ???????? ? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ??????? .
?? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????? ? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ? ??? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ???????? ? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ???????? ????? ?? ??????? ?????? ???????? ???? ????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????????? ? ??? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ? ??? ?????? ????????? ?? ????? ?????? ? ??????? ??????? ???????? ???? ????? ?????????? ????????? ?????????? ???? ????? ???????.
????? ??? ??? ???????? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ???????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ?? ?? :
1- ????? ???? ? ???? ??? ??????? ????? ?? ????????? ??????? ? ???? ??????? ???????? ???????? ?????????? ? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????????.
2- ????? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ????????.
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1- ????? ?????? ?? ????????? ???????: (??????? ??????? ??????? ? ???? ?????????? ??????? ? ??????? ?? ??????? ???????? ? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ????????? ???????) ? ?? ???? ???????? ?? ???????? ? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ???????.
2- ????? ????? ?? ??????? ? ???????? ??? ?????? ?????????? ? ?? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??????? .
3- ??? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ?? ???????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ? ???????? ??????? ????? ?? ????????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ??? ???????.
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الأحد نوفمبر 17, 2013 8:02 am من طرف samy24